Pneumoperitoneum, air or gas in the abdominal cavity, may be an indication of rupture of a hollow organ. Abdominal guarding is a tensing of the abdominal wall muscles to guard inflamed organs within the abdomen. The injury may present with abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, or rigidity to the touch, and bowel sounds may be diminished or absent. Early indications of abdominal trauma include nausea, vomiting, and fever. Seatbelts may also cause abrasions and hematomas up to 30% of people with such signs have associated internal injuries. People injured in traffic accidents may present with a "seat belt sign", bruising on the abdomen along the site of the lap portion of the safety belt this sign is associated with a high rate of injury to the abdominal organs. Signs and symptoms Pneumoperitoneum, seen as an air bubble on the lower left side of the X-ray film Gunshot wounds that penetrate the peritoneum result in significant damage to major intra-abdominal structures over 90% of the time. Gunshot wounds, which are usually higher energy than stab wounds, are usually more damaging than the latter. Abdominal injury can also result from child abuse and is the second leading cause of child abuse-related death, after traumatic brain injury. Falls and sports are also frequent mechanisms of abdominal injury in children. Sports injuries can affect abdominal organs such as the spleen and kidneys. In children, bicycle accidents are also a common cause of abdominal injury, especially when the abdomen strikes the handlebars. Children are especially vulnerable to abdominal injury from seat belts, because they have softer abdominal regions and seat belts were not designed to fit them. Seat belts reduce the incidence of injuries such as head injury and chest injury, but present a threat to such abdominal organs as the pancreas and the intestines, which may be compressed against the spinal column. Vehicle accidents are a common cause of blunt abdominal trauma. Penetrating trauma is further subdivided into stab wounds and bullet wounds, which have different treatments. Blunt injuries predominate in rural areas, while penetrating ones are more frequent in urban settings. While Penetrating abdominal trauma (PAT) is usually diagnosed based on clinical signs, blunt abdominal trauma is more likely to be missed because clinical signs are less obvious. ClassificationĪbdominal trauma is divided into blunt and penetrating types. Diagnosis may involve ultrasonography, computed tomography, and peritoneal lavage, and treatment may involve surgery. Abdominal trauma presents a risk of severe blood loss and infection. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, rigidity, and bruising of the external abdomen. It may be blunt or penetrating and may involve damage to the abdominal organs. Ībdominal trauma is an injury to the abdomen. List of terms related to Abdominal traumaĮditor-In-Chief: C. Risk calculators and risk factors for Abdominal traumaĬauses & Risk Factors for Abdominal trauma US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Abdominal traumaĭirections to Hospitals Treating Abdominal trauma Ongoing Trials on Abdominal trauma at Clinical Ĭlinical Trials on Abdominal trauma at Google Articles on Abdominal trauma in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJĬochrane Collaboration on Abdominal trauma
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